Human Auditory System
Response to Modulated EM Energy
Allan Frey, GE
How voices can be beamed directly into an individual's head.
The intent of this paper is to bring a new phenomena to the attention of physiologists. Using extremely low average power densities of electromagnetic energy, the perception of sounds was induced in normal and deaf humans. The effect was induced several hundred feet from the antenna the instant the transmitter was turned on, and is a function of carrier frequency and modulation. Attempts were made to match the sounds induced by electromagnetic energy and acoustic energy. The closest match occurred when the acoustic amplifier was driven by the rf transmitter's modulator. Peak power density is a critical factor and, with acoustic noise of approximately 80 db, a peak power density of approximately 275 mw / rf is needed to induce the perception at carrier frequencies 125 mc and 1,310 mc. The average power density can be at rf as low as 400 _u_w/cm2. The evidence for the various positive sites of the electromagnetic energy sensor are discussed and locations peripheral to the cochlea are ruled out.
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A significant amount of research has been conducted with the effects of radio-frequency (rf) energy on organisms (electro- magnetic energy between 1 kc and ** Gc). Typically, this work has been concerned with determining damage resulting from body temperature increase. The average power densities used have been on the order of 0.1-t w/cm2 used over many minutes to several hours.
In contrast, using average power densities measured in microwatts per square centimeter, we have found that ****r effects which are transient, can be induced with rf energy. Further, these effects occur the instant the transmitter is turned on. With appropriate modulation, the perception of different sounds can be induced in physically deaf, as well as normal, in human subjects at a distance of inches up to thousands of feet from the transmitter. With somewhat different transmission parameters, you can induce the perception of severe buffeting of the head, without such apparent vestibular symptoms as dizziness or nausea. Changing transmitter parameters down, one can induce a "pins-and-needles" sensation.
Experimental work with these phenomena may yield information on auditory system functioning and, more generally, in the nervous system function. For example, this energy could possibly be used as a tool to explore nervous system coding, possibly using Neider and Neff's procedures (1), and for stimulating the nervous system without the damage caused by electrodes.
Since most of our data have been obtained of the "rf sound" and only the visual system has previously been shown to respond to electromagnetic energy, this paper will be concerned only with the auditory effects data. As a further restriction, only data from human subjects will be reported, since only this data can be discussed meaningfully at the present time. The long series of studies we performed to ascertain that we were dealing with a biological significant phenomena (rather than broadcasts from sources such as loose fillings in the teeth) are summarized in another paper (2), which also reports on the measuring instruments used in this work.
The intent of this paper is to bring this new phenomenon to the attention of physiologists. The data reported are intended to suggest numerous lines of experimentation and indicate necessary experimental controls.
Since we are dealing with a significant phenomenon, we decided to explore the effects of a wide range of transmitter parameters to build up the body of knowledge which would allow us to generate hypotheses and determine what experimental controls would be necessary. Thus, the numbers given are conservative; they should not be considered precise, since the transmitters were never located in ideal laboratory environments. Within the limits of our measurements, the orientation of the subject in the rf field was of little consequence.
Most of the transmitters used to date in the experimentation have been pulse modulated with no information placed on the signal. The rf sound has been described as being a buzz, clicking, hiss, or knocking, depending on several transmitter parameters, i.e., pulse width and pulse-repetition rate (PRF). The apparent source of these sounds is localized by the subjects as being within, or immediately behind the head. The sound always seems to come from within or immediately behind the head no matter how the subjects twists or rotates in the rf field.
Our early experimentation, preformed using transmitters with very short square pulses and high pulse-repetition rates, seemed to indicate that we were dealing with harmonics of the PRF. However, our later work has indicated that this is not the case; rather, the rf sound appears to be incidental modulation envelope on each pulse, as shown in Fig 1.
Some difficulty was experienced when the subjects tried to match the rf sound to ordinary audio. They reported that it was not possible to satisfactorily match the rf sound to a sine wave or to white noise. An audio amplifier was connected to a variable bypass filter and pulsed by the transmitter pulsing mechanism. The subjects, when allowed to control the filter, reported a fairly satisfactory match. The subjects were fairly well satisfied with all frequencies below 5-kc audio were eliminated and the high- frequency audio was extended as much as possible. There was, however, always a demand for more high-frequency components. Since our tweeter has a rather good high-frequency response, it is possible that we have shown an analogue of visual phenomenon in which people see farther into the ultraviolet range when the lenses is eliminated from the eye. In other words, this may be a demonstration that the mechanical transmission system of the ossicles cannot respond to as high a frequency as the rest of the auditory system. Since the rf bypasses the ossicle system and the audio given the subject for matching does not, this may explain the dissatisfaction of our subjects in the matching.
At one time in our experimentation with deaf subjects there seemed to be a clear relationship between the ability to hear audio above 5 kc and the ability to hear rf sounds. If a subject could hear above 5 kc, either by bone or air conduction, then he could hear the rf sounds. For example, the threshold of the subject whose audio gram appears in Fig. 2 was the same average power density as our normal subjects. Recently, however, we have found people with a notch around 5 kc who do not perceive the rf sounds generated by at least one of our transmitters.
THRESHOLDS
As shown in Table 1, we have used a fairly wide range of transmitter parameters. We are currently experimenting with transmitters that radiate energy at frequencies below 425 mc, and are using different types of modulation, e.g., pulse-repetition rates as low as 3 and 4/sec.
In the experimentation reported in this section, the ordinary noise level was 70-90 db (measured with a General Radio Co. model 1551-B sound level meter.) In order to minimize the rf energy used in the experimentation, subjects wore Flent antinoise ear stoppers whenever measurements were made. The ordinary noise attenuation of the Flents is indicated in Fig. 3. Although the rf sounds can be heard without the use of Flents, eventhough they have an ambient noise evel of 90 db, it appears that the ambient noise to some extent "masked" the rf sound.
Table 2 gives the thresholds for the perception of the sounds. It shows fairly clearly that the critical factor in the perception of the rf sound is the peak power density, rather than the average power density. The relatively high value for transmitter B was expected and will be discussed below. Transmitter G has been omitted from the table since the 20-mw/cm2 reading for it can be considered only approximate. The field-strength-measuring instruments used in that experiment did not read high enough to give an accurate reading. The energy from transmitter H was not perceived, even when the peak power density was as high as 25 w/cm2.
When the threshold energy is plotted as a function of the rf energy (Fig. 4), a curve is obtained which is suggestive of the curve of penetration of rf energy into the head. Figure 5 shows the calculated penetration, by frequency of rf energy, into the head. Our data indicate that the calculated penetration curve may well be accurate at the higher frequencies but the penetration at the lower frequencies may be greater than that calculated on this model.
As previously noted, the thresholds were obtained in a high ambient noise environment. This is an unusual situation as compared to obtaining thresholds of regular audio sound. One recent experimentation leads us to believe that, if the ambient noise level were not so high, these threshold fields strengths would be much lower. Since one purpose of this paper is to suggest experiments, it might be appropriate to theories as to what the rf sound threshold might be if we assumed that the subject is in an anechoic chamber. It is also assumed that there is no transducer noise.
Given: As a threshold for the rf sound, a peak power density of 275 mw/cm2 determined in an ambient noise environment of 80 db. Earplugs attenuate the ambient noise 30 db.
If: 1 mw/cm2 is set equal to o db, then 275 mw/cm2 is equal to 24 db.
Then: We can reduce the rf energy 50 db to -26 db as we reduce the noise level energy from 50 db to o db. We found that -26 db rf energy is approximately 3 _u_w/cm2.
Thus: If an anechoic room, rf sound could theoretically be induced by a peak power density of 3 _u_w/cm2 measured in free space. Since only 10% of this energy is likely to penetrate the skull, the human auditory system and a table radio may be one order of magnitude apart in sensitivity to rf energy.
Rf Detector In Auditory System
One possibility that seems to have been ruled out in our experimentation is that of a capacitor-type effect with the tympanic membrane and oval window acting as plates of a capacitor. It would seem possible that these membranes, acting as plates of a capacitor, could be set in motion by rf energy. There are, however, three points of evidence against this possibility. First, when one rotates a capacitor in an rf field, a rather marked change occurs in the capacitor as a function of its orientation in the field. When our subjects rotate or change the positions of their heads in the field, the loudness of the rf sound does not change appreciably. Second, the distance between these membranes is rather small, compared with the wavelengths used. As a third point, we found that one of our subjects who has otosclerosis heard the rf sound.
Another possible location for the detecting mechanism is in the cochlea. We have explored this possibility with nerve-deaf people, but the results are inconclusive due to factors such as tinnitus. We are currently exploring this possibility with animal preparations.
The third likely place for the detection mechanism is the brain. Burr and Mauro (6) presented evidence that indicates that there is an electrostatic field about neurons. Morrow and Sepiel (7) presented evidence that indicates the existence of a magnetic field about neurons. Becker (personal communication) has done some work indicating that there is longitudinal flow of charged carriers in neurons. Thus, it is reasonable to suspect that possibly the electromagnetic field could interact with neuron fields. As yet, evidence of this possibility is inconclusive. The strongest point against it is that we have not found visual effects although we have searched for them. On the other hand, we have obtained other nonauditory effects and have found that the sensitive area for detecting rf sounds is a region over the temporal lobe of the brain. One can shield, with a 2-in.2 piece of fly screen, a portion of the stippled area shown in Fig. 6 and completely cut off the rf sound.
Another possibility should also be considered. There is no good reason to assume that there is only one detector site. On the contrary, the work of Jones et al. (8), in which they placed electrodes in the ear and electrically stimulated the subject, is sufficiently relevant to suggest the possibility of more than one detector site. Also, several sensations have been elicited with properly modulated electromagnetic energy. It is doubtful that all of these can be attributed to one detector.
As mentioned earlier, the purpose of this paper is to focus the attention of physiologists on an unusual area and stimulate additional work on which interpretations can be based. Interpretations have been deliberately omitted from this paper since additional data are needed before a clear picture can emerge. It is hoped that the additional exploration will also result in an increase in our knowledge of nervous system functions.
Meditative Brain States and Resonance Effects
Author Unknown
Theoretically, the practice of meditation is intended to withdraw the personal mind from its persistent preoccupation with external affairs. It can be seen as a form of training for the mind in switching from matter to psyche. There is a purpose. It is to prepare the personal nature so that it is able to reflect and express its relationship with the Universal Self.
Throughout history there have been a number of techniques used to achieve a meditative state. The most often used first step is a form of rhythmic breathing. If done correctly, a sequence of strong and unusual body reactions occur. These also will eventually trigger unusual psychological states via a type of resonance effect. A closer examination of these resonance-relationships yields information useful in improving the meditation.
Perhaps an example clarifies this: When a subject is totally relaxed and has achieved a deep meditative state, a slow, rhythmic sine wave pattern can be registered by a cardiograph-type sensing device. What is being measured is a standing wave in the aorta. There is a heart-aorta resonating oscillator which affects other parts of the body, including the brain.
Resonance occurs when the natural vibration frequency of a body is greatly amplified by vibrations at the same frequency from another body. Oscillators alter the environment in a periodic manner. When in a deep meditative state the regular movement of the body indicates that a standing wave is set up in the vascular system, specifically in the aorta. This standing wave affects several other resonate systems in the body, all of which are driven by this large signal.
A paper by Paul F.J. New, and several current papers, indicate the presence of a major resonate cavity oscillator located between the heart and the bifurcation, where the aorta divides itself. When the timing of the pressure pulses travel down the aorta coincide (in phase) with the reflected pressure pulse, a standing wave is achieved. When this frequency approaches 7Hz., a progressively amplified wave form is created by resonance, resulting in a large oscillation affecting every other circuit in the body tuned to this frequency.
There is a resonance relationship to this frequency with standing waves on the Earth's crust. If we assume that the spherical crust of the Earth represents a condenser, then the frequency of resonance can be calculated on the basis of the equation:
Resonance frequency = C/7.3R2
Where C is the velocity of propagation of electromagnetic waves;
and
R = radius of the Earth.
This frequency has been shown to be 6.4Hz.
Thus, a harmonic frequency corresponding to the pulsation of the electrical charge of the Earth is present in heart/aorta.
The brain may be considered as a piezoelectric gel3, one converting physical vibrations into electrical ones. Although the body movement from this heart/aorta resonance is relatively small, 0.003-0.009 mm., the head is a dense and tight structure. By moving up and down, the skull accelerates the brain with mild impacts. These acoustical plane waves are reflected from the cranial vault and are focused upon the third and lateral ventricles. A hierarchy of frequencies couple this 7Hz. body movement to the higher frequencies in the ventricles.
"That which is that bright within the heart; in that this man resides, innate with mind transcending death, with brilliance innate."
In the book Biomedical Engineering Systems4, Chapter 7 is a major work entitled "Toward A View of Man", by Manfred Clynes. Clynes is a medical doctor working at the Research Center in Rockman State Hospital, Orangeburg, New York. This work is considered a breakthrough in the fields of psychology and medicine, known today as the field of psychobiology (biocybernetics).
Clynes took a number of volunteers and shaved their heads, placing a series of electrodes in rosette patterns or various regions of the brain. These included the temporal, frontal lobe section and occipital region. In this way, not only were the brain frequencies monitored, but directional shifts in these frequencies could also be determined by the geometry of the electrodes on the scull.
The original purpose of Clynes' work was to find out how precision and order exist in brain processes; to discover what is inherently programmed in man and how he might make use of the inherent programs.
These individuals were given a number of images (form) and colors to concentrate on while their brain was monitored by computers. Recording from opposite pairs of electrodes simultaneously, he obtained views of the electrical activity from different angles: mathematically, a spatial differentiation of the electric vector. What was happening literally was a mapping of consciousness. A number of very important observations were made:
1. Certain qualities and relationships were of great importance to the computer than such quantitative factors such as intensity. This meant that the brain's systems of identification are based on differences, rather than intensity of the signal.
2. Thin lines were found to produce characteristic evoked potentials, irrespective of size. The form itself is transduced into another form in the brain space time which can be measured. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the visual form of the stimulus, the response form in the brain, and the perception.This is, perhaps, the first physical description of the field of an archetype. It is a geometrical structuring and has uniqueness.
3. The process of inhibition is as important for transducing the external world as is excitation. Concentrating on specific lines of geometry does not constitute the changing stimulus, but their steady presence systematically and radically alters the response to another changing stimulus.
4. Changes in intensity of a single color produce very simple response shape. Light and darkness (as opposites) show no evidence of being different values of the same variable. Rather, they seem to be the result of stimulating and also of inhibiting different receptors. This, the evoked potentials to light and darkness in no way may be said to be positive and negative, respectively. White, for example, appears in this view as the result of mutual inhibition of color.
5. These experiments clearly imply an inherent form of organization and not a random learning of nerve nets. It is possible to mentally recognize and perceive the stimulus within the first portion of the invoked potential. Portions responding (in the brain) which occur later than 0.3 sec. are seen as systematic processes, or tuned circuits to those responses to specific in-coming stimulus. This is a form of resonance in the brain to specific geometry. This could also lead to the formation of memory.
6. Every perception has a unique counterpart as a space-time code form in the brain. These space-time shapes are evidence of relationships between the external world and its representation in the brain. They act like keys to "unlock" specific parts of our brain, often being observed below psychological threshold levels (subliminal).
Clynes literally mapped fields in the human brain. A computer was able to identify and reproduce those geometrical figures from what that human was concentrating on, either as a geometric form or color. The individual did not even have to look at the pattern but simply concentrate "in his mind's eye." A standing wave means that the wave is not changed, but is holding itself steady in one certain geometrical thought.
If quantum mechanical properties of matter are actually the conscious property of matter, then one would predict that all phenomena where quantum wave explanations are important, the phenomena could be interpreted better in terms of consciousness.(5)
Our planet is surrounded by a Layer of electrically charged particles called the ionosphere. The lower layer of the ionosphere starts about 80km. from the Earth. This charges layer is known to reflect radio waves.
Since this is a highly charges layer, the ionosphere forms a so-called capacitor with the Earth. This means that there is a difference in electrical potential between the two, the Earth being negatively charged and the ionosphere being positively charged. This potential varies somewhat but is around 200 volts/m.
This is a fundamental type of electrical generator. The solar winds, interacting with the upper atmosphere rotation, act as a collector and brushes of a generator. The lower atmosphere can be seen as a storage battery for this gradient potential.
This electrostatic around the Earth can be viewed as a stiff jelly. When our bodies move and vibrate, these movements are transmitted to the environment. These fields not only impinge on our body but they also affect the charges inside our body. When we are standing on the ground, under normal conditions, we are grounded. Our body then acts as a sink for the electrostatic field and we actually distort the force lines somewhat.
Our body also has its own electrostatic field about itself. These field-lines are the result of the various biochemical reactions in the body. This resultant bio-field couples us to the isoelectric field of the planet.
A "tuned system" consists of at least two oscillators of identical resonance frequencies. If one of the oscillators starts emitting, the other will be activated by the signal very shortly. Because the coupling is ideal, they will respond to the tiniest signals and begin to resonate.
In 1957, W.O. Schumann (6) calculated the Earth-ionosphere cavity resonance frequencies. His works were updated over the years and the figure now used is at 7.5Hz. As indicated previously, the micro motion of the body is about 6.8 to 7.5Hz.
It is obvious that when one is in deep meditation, it is possible for the human being and the planet system to start resonating. There is a transfer of energy. It is no coincidence that this frequency is in the theta region of brainwaves, the state of maximum regeneration.
Information is embodied in a field, rather than just being a field. A field is thus an abstract quantity of information; relationships between this point and that point in the universe.
Astral temples are set up to evoke a certain correspondence effect, like a resonance. These temples are like a physical matrix, one with specific geometrical form and color.
The visualization, in turn sets up a particular EM resonance in the brain. The reverberation pattern is most explicit. Clarity is all important. Distortion minimizes the resonance effect and reduces any amplification to connecting other "tuned" oscillators in the body.
Techniques of extending this harmonious resonance have been known for thousands of years. These are the different meditative techniques. Most slow down the metabolic rate of the body so that much less oxygen is required to keep the body going.
As one becomes proficient in meditation, the breathing becomes so gentle as not to disturb the resonate state of the aorta. An automatic process develops in which the lungs and the diaphragm regulates the heart-aorta system so as to keep them well-tuned. This helps extend the resonant behavior even with shallow breathing.
In conclusion, the following points should be made regarding the resonant effects available through meditation:
1. There is a heart/aorta resonance which links up with a number of other critical oscillators, including several in the brain. It starts at the heart.
2. Specific geometries or geometrical mandalas (form and color) create resonance effects in the brain. The pattern is repeated in the brain.
3. Specific geometrical systems can be used as "keys" to access those specific archetypes. Access occurs to the psyche.
4. This linking of resonant cavity oscillators can be seen to form a common thread, going from Hadit (DNA-RNA helix) to Nuit (galactic hydrogen-helium field).
5. By "tuning" one's meditation, it is possible to amplify and have access to the other resonant systems, in and out of the body.
The Human organism has usually been regarded as a complex arrangement of chemical elements and compounds. The quantity and structure of these variables are our reference points for states of health. This is the area of biochemistry and biochemical analysis.
An equally valid approach is to regard the human organism as an aggregation of electromagnetic fields which are constantly interacting and changing as are their biological equivalents. It has been shown that the human system is an emitter of electromagnetic radiations.(7)
All biological processes are a function of electromagnetic field interactions. EM fields are the connecting link between the world of form and resonant patterns.
The patterns are arbitrary forms which are non-physical. Archetypal forms are based on inherent characteristics and correspondences. This provides a basis for what we would call resonant phenomena in archetypal systems. EM fields embody or store gestalts, patterns of information. An archetype may then be seen as a specific geometrical system of standing waves occurring in the brain as a space-time shape ("key").
In living organisms, opposites receive their structure of symmetry from particular combinations of spatial and temporal aspects. Like reins on a horse, each of the opposites of the psychological pair has its own place. This geometric property makes them capable of being opposites. The activity of each arm determines the quantity; the spatial identity of the rein determines the quality. There is no monotonic (or linear) transition from one to the other passing through zero.
A human being, immersed in the galactic hydrogen-helium field, may also utilize the pulsing feedback between man and the galaxy to build up the resonance effects, much like we would tune a radio. These primary frequencies are multiples of the base frequency 7 Hz.
These four nucleotides provide resonant frequencies for alpha, theta, and delta (the characteristic brain states going from consciousness to deep sleep: 14-2 Hz.). This resonance relationship can be seen to link with helium inside the body at various chemical sites.
The bridge connecting the solar system resonances and the brain frequencies seem to reside in the DNA-RNA helix.
In a paper by Oliver Reiser (8) from the University of Pittsburgh, a relationship is developed between the four helium cores in an atomic nucleus and the matrix forms on the DNA and RNA. Reiser describes them as "radiation belts of thought," the four "nucleotides" enter into the dynamics of these nuclear properties. A spheron is a nuclear constituent roughly spherical in shape and spaced in concentric layers.
The platonic solids are the five regular solids described by Pythagoras, now seen to form all crystal formations. These forms later became the basis of the mathematics known as group theory. The so-called "resonances" were specific combinations of five regular solids geometry.
"Helions" is Pauling's term for spherons (9) when he modeled the helium in the sun, the heliosphere around the Earth, and the hydrogen-helium plasma of the galactic disc. An optically activated molecule, such as helium, contains an electron which is coerced into a helical path by electric field. This one-sided spiral is maintained in the intermolecular transport through protein molecules. Note that the protein units of "spherical viruses" are packed symmetrically, in accordance with the pattern of cubic symmetry.
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FOOTNOTES
1. Paul F.J. New, "Arterial Stationary Waves," American Journal of Roentgenology, Vol. 97, no. 2, pp 488-499.
2. Symposium of Psychotronics, Prague, Czechoslovakia, Sept. 25, 1970. Paraphysical Laboratory Publication, Downton, Wiltshire, England.
3. When certain crystals are stressed, they produce an electrical current. This phenomena is known as the piezoelectric effect. The physical body can be seen to be composed of liquid crystals and amorphous semiconductors (the gel). When the body is stressed by a force such as heartbeat, it presses the brain on the skull and current is produced.
4. Biomedical Engineering Systems, McGraw-Hill Books, N.Y., 1970.
5. Cochran, Andrew A., "Relationships Between Quantum Physics and Biology," Foundations of Physics, Vol. 1, pp 235-250, 1971.
6. Schumann, W., "Electrische Eigenshwingungen des Hohlraumes Erde-Luft-Ionosphere," Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Physik, Vol. 9, 373-378, 1957.
7. Presman, A., Electromagnetic Fields and Life, Plenum Press, 1970.
8. Reiser, Oliver L., Cosmic Humanism and World Unity, Diagram LII, p 463, and Diagram LIV, p 465.
9. Pauling, Linus, "The Close-Packed-Spheron Theory of Nuclear Fission," Science, Vol. 150, pp 297-305, 1965.
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